Jefferson Davis & Vindicatrix
Richmond, Virginia
Jefferson Davis, 1907 with paint from 2020
Bronze statue with spray paint
98 x 54 x 48 in. (248.9 x 137.2 x 121.9 cm)
The Valentine Museum, Richmond, Virginia
Filed Under:
Jefferson Davis & Vindicatrix
Sponsor: United Daughters of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis Monument Association
Dedicated: 1907
Removed: 2020
Jefferson Davis (1808-1889) served as the first and only president of the Confederate States of America. Prior to this, he had represented Mississippi in the U.S. House and Senate and served as Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce. Davis dedicated his political life to expanding and protecting the institution of slavery. As the owner of a cotton plantation, he enslaved more than 100 people. Though he was imprisoned for two years while awaiting trial for treason after the war, he was never prosecuted and, in 1868, received full amnesty along with other former Confederates. Davis spent the rest of his life speaking at veterans’ events and writing Lost Cause historical accounts and justifications for the war.
Within weeks of Davis’s death in December 1889, a group of men organized a memorial association with the sole aim of erecting a monument in his honor. Fundraising stalled, but in 1896 the group laid a cornerstone in Richmond’s Monroe Park hoping to spur donations. In 1899, the mainly male members of the Jefferson Davis Monument Association (JDMA) admitted they did not have the capacity to furnish the monument and turned the project over to the five-year-old United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC). The UDC brought in funds from around the country. In 1903, they hired architect William C. Noland and sculptor Edward V. Valentine, both Richmonders, to create the statue of Jefferson Davis and other supporting elements of the monument. The UDC was deeply involved in the design, even voting on whether Davis should be depicted standing or seated. The final composition consisted of a grand semicircular colonnade with granite columns symbolizing the thirteen Confederate states. A bronze statue of a standing Davis, arm outstretched as if mid-oration, was situated on a pedestal at the center. Looming behind was a 67-foot column topped with a bronze statue of the female allegorical figure Vindicatrix. The Confederacy’s motto, “Deo Vindice” (God Will Vindicate), was inscribed at her feet.
The completed monument was unveiled on June 3, 1907, a few days after the J. E. B. Stuart Monument dedication amidst a massive multiday Confederate reunion event. The UDC and JDMA transferred ownership of the monument to the city of Richmond in 1908.
Richmond’s Black community had varied reactions to the Confederate statues on Monument Avenue, but W. E. B. Du Bois summed up one perspective in 1931 in The Crisis:
The most terrible thing about War, I am convinced, is its monuments,—the awful things we are compelled to build in order to remember the victims. In the South, particularly, human ingenuity has been put to it to explain on its war monuments, the Confederacy. Of course, the plain trust of the matter would be an inscription something like this: “Sacred to the memory of those who fought to Perpetuate Human Slavery.” But that reads with increasing difficulty as time goes on.
By the 1960s, Richmonders were considering adding monuments to Monument Avenue. In 1965, Henry Marsh III, speaking on behalf of the NAACP, urged the Planning Commission: “Don’t maintain the Confederate theme; we feel that the spirit of Richmond at the present time should be reflected.”
During the twentieth century, the Davis monument was the site of Confederate celebrations. It was also vandalized on numerous occasions. The city cleaned it after these incidents, which became more numerous after the 2015 shooting at Emanuel AME Church in Charleston and the 2017 Unite the Right rally. Richmond’s Monument Avenue Commission noted in its 2018 report that, of all the city’s Confederate memorials, the Davis monument was the “most unabashedly Lost Cause in its design and sentiment” and recommended its removal. The murder of George Floyd in May 2020 sparked social-justice protests in Richmond, and the Davis monument was one of many sites of activism. On the night of June 10, 2020, protesters covered it in pink paint, then pulled down the Davis statue with rope and a small sedan. It was the city’s third bronze statue to be toppled by the public that month. Team Henry Enterprises removed the remaining bronze elements, including the statue of Vindicatrix, and returned in early 2022 to dismantle the pillar and granite colonnade. The site is now a flower bed.
The Gazette (Raleigh, NC) · Jul 24, 1897 Jefferson Davis (detail) Jefferson Davis (detail) Jefferson Davis (detail) Jefferson Davis, 1907 with paint from 2020 Vindicatrix from the Jefferson Davis monument in Richmond, Virginia (installation view of The Warden by Cauleen Smith), 1907 
Jefferson Davis monument, Richmond, Virginia
Edward V. Valentine, sculptor
Gorham Manufacturing Compay, fabricator
William C. Noland, architect
Bronze statue on granite base
Courtesy of the Library of Congress
Jefferson Davis monument, Richmond, Virginia
Edward V. Valentine, sculptor
Gorham Manufacturing Compay, fabricator
William C. Noland, architect
Bronze statue on granite base
Photo by Martin Falbisoner
Granite fragment from the Jefferson Davis monument
Granite with bronze letters, 1907
25 x 45 x 45 in. (63.5 x 114.3 x 114.3 cm)
Black History Museum and Cultural Center of Virginia
Photo by Frederik Nilsen
Photo by Frederik Nilsen
Photo by Frederik Nilsen
Bronze statue with spray paint
98 x 54 x 48 in. (248.9 x 137.2 x 121.9 cm)
The Valentine Museum, Richmond, Virginia
Bronze
112 x 40 x 36 in. (284.5 x 101.6 x 91.4 cm)
Black History Museum and Cultural Center of Virginia
Vindicatrix from the Jefferson Davis monument, Richmond, Virginia
Edward V. Valentine, sculptor
Gorham Manufacturing Compay, fabricator
William C. Noland, architect
Bronze statue on granite base
Photo by Penn Miller
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Ingots from Robert E. lee Monument, Charlottesville, Virginia
Swords Into Plowshares
2023
Bronze
Jefferson School African American Heritage Center, Charlottesville, Virginia
Josephus Daniels
János Farkas
1985
Bronze
Daniels Family Charitable Foundation, Raleigh, North Carolina
Roger B. Taney
William Henry Rinehart
1887
Bronze
City of Baltimore, Maryland
Robert E. Lee & Stonewall Jackson
Laura Gardin Fraser
1948
Bronze
City of Baltimore, Maryland
Matthew Fontaine Maury
Frederick William Sievers
1929
Bronze
Black History Museum and Cultural Center of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia
Jefferson Davis & Vindicatrix
Edward V. Valentine
1907
Bronze
The Valentine Museum, Richmond, Virginia
Black History Museum and Cultural Center of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia
Fragments from Robert E. Lee monument base
Paul Pujol
1890
Granite
Black History Museum and Cultural Center of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia
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Aluminum
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2023
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Courtesy of the artist
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Commissioned by MOCA & The Brick
Courtesy of the artist
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Private collection
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Bronze
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Courtesy of the artist
Descendant
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Commissioned by MOCA & The Brick
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Pigment print
Courtesy of the artist and Galerie Nathalie Obadia
The Montgomery Times (Montgomery, Alabama)
Sat, Apr 22, 1905
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J. Maxwell Miller
1917
Bronze
City of Baltimore, Maryland
Number 363
Leonardo Drew
2023
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Jon Henry
Untitled #31, 2017
Digital archival print on matte paper
Courtesy of the artist
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The Montgomery Times (Montgomery, Alabama) Sat, Apr 22, 1905